Cordyceps Sinensis Reduces Inflammation and Protects BEAS-2B Cells From LPS-Induced THP-1 Cell Injury.

INTRODUCTION: Cordyceps sinensis, an entomogenous fungus with unique biological properties, has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory potential. However, its effects on inflammation regulation need to be further investigated in detail. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to analyze the Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE) obtained via ethanol extraction and to assess its effects on inflammation regulation. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β) and the level of MMP9, Nrf2/HO-1 and ROS were evaluated. A transwell system with THP-1 and BEAS-2B cells was used to explore the inflammatory damage. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted on the differentially expressed genes. RESULTS: CSE exhibited no cytotoxicity to THP-1 cells at concentrations ≤ 1.6 mg/mL. Treatment of LPS-induced THP-1 cells with CSE significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CSE reduced inflammation-related protein MMP9, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Fluorescence assays using DCF and JC-1 further confirmed that CSE help mitigate oxidative stress-induced inflammation. CSE treatment protected BEAS-2B cells from inflammatory damage. Moreover, the immune system process was a shared GO term between LPS-only treatment and combined LPS and CSE treatment. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that CSE is capable of regulating genes associated with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the potential of CSE as an immune-regulating agent in functional foods and health products.