Abstract
Background:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines have revolutionized tumor treatment but are still limited by dose-dependent toxicity and efficacy. In situ vaccine platforms based on intelligent microbes are promising therapeutic strategies that sustainably deliver drugs locally without causing severe systemic risks.
Methods:
In this study, we have innovatively engineered a non-pathogenic, adjuvant-acting Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) that co-expresses a programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor and an interleukin-15 (IL-15) cytokine complex containing the interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) sushi domain (Ms-PDL1scfv-IL15).
Results:
We demonstrate that the fusion protein of PD-L1 inhibitor and IL-15 cytokine systemically binds mouse or human PD-L1 and maintains IL-15 stimulatory activity. The bifunctional Ms-PDL1scfv-IL15 overcomes resistance to PD-L1 blockade, recruits numerous immune cells in situ, induces dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, initiates the M1 antitumor polarization of macrophages, increases the proliferation and activation of natural killer cells and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, inhibits regulatory T cells, elicits abscopal effects, stimulates rapid tumor regression, prevents metastasis, and leads to long-term survival in several syngeneic tumor mouse models. We also found that the combination of Ms-PDL1scfv-IL15 with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) synergistically stunted the tumor progress and stasis. Moreover, intratumoral administration of Ms-PDL1scfv-IL15 can capture tumor antigen fragments, and boost DCs presentation of antigens, which remarkably initiates tumor antigen-specific immune response, leading to durable tumor regression and specific antitumor immunity.
Conclusion:
In summary, the engineered M. smegmatis can recruit and activate innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, offering a potent cancer immunotherapy strategy to treat patients with cold tumors or resistance to checkpoint blockade.