Abstract
The Enterobacterales order of Gram-negative bacteria includes the common nosocomial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter species. Intestinal domination by some colonizing bacterial taxa is associated with subsequent infection, but 16S rRNA gene sequencing is too costly and slow to be used in a clinical setting. The objectives of this study were to develop a PCR-based assay that can measure Enterobacterales density, validate it against 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and measure the association between Enterobacterales dominance and subsequent infection. Two quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays that were developed to quantify the absolute and relative abundance of Enterobacterales had good correlation with 16S rRNA sequence analysis (P < 0.0001). Using both PCR assays and 16S sequencing, a matched case-control study was performed comparing rectal swabs from hospitalized patients who later developed bloodstream, urinary tract, or respiratory Enterobacterales infections (n = 95) to swabs from patients who remained uninfected (n = 189). Enterobacterales abundance measured by sequencing was high in both cases and controls (means, 31.1% and 27.5%, respectively; P = 0.322). We observed an increased risk of infection that depended on both the absolute and relative abundance of Enterobacterales as measured by qPCR assay A (P = 0.012). After adjustment for albumin levels, central venous catheter presence, and use of cephalosporins at the time of swab collection, this association still approached significance (P = 0.061). These results demonstrate that using qPCR to measure intestinal colonization dominance is feasible, indicate that hospitalized patients have high levels of Enterobacterales colonization, and suggest that both relative and absolute abundance may be associated with subsequent infection.IMPORTANCE Increasing antibiotic resistance has resulted in infections that are life-threatening and difficult to treat. Interventions that prevent these infections, particularly without using antibiotics, could save lives. Intestinal colonization by pathogens, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (part of the order Enterobacterales) is associated with subsequent infection, and increased colonization density is associated with increased infection risk. Therefore, colonization offers a window of opportunity for infection prevention if (i) there are rapid and inexpensive assays to detect colonization, (ii) there are safe and effective interventions, and (iii) the risk of infection outweighs the risk of the treatment. Fecal transplants are proof of principle that manipulating the microbiome can reduce such colonization and prevent infections. This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing rapid and inexpensive assays to quantify colonization and measures the strength of association between Enterobacterales dominance and subsequent infection. The approach described here could be a valuable tool in the prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections.