Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rapidly escalating in many developed countries, particularly among the aging populations. Extensive evidence shows epigenetic changes have a strong correlation between cutaneous malignant melanoma and exposure to sunlight, particularly its ultraviolet (UV) components, in the aging skin. While significant research has been conducted on aging and its associated Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) contributed by senescent fibroblasts in old individuals, less is known about the role of UVA radiation in such SASP melanoma microenvironment, its effects on gene function, and the underlying mechanisms following UVA-induced DNA Damage (UDD). It is established that UVA radiation induces Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) in DNA and activates checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) at these breaks, leading to p53-mediated apoptosis. But p53, beyond its role in regulating cell fate, its mutated form is also involved in the transcriptional regulation of potent pro-survival pathways by actively transcribing genes that counteract apoptosis in genetically abnormal melanoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the fine balance between cell death and survival mediated by the p53 transcription factor under UVA exposure remain largely elusive. In this study, we report for the first time that UVA induces global DNA methylation as a compensatory mechanism in response to UVA-induced DNA Damage (UDD) in melanoma and melanocyte cells. However, melanoma cells in the vicinity of senescent fibroblasts under genotoxic stress are epigenetically altered by the paracrine secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from senescent fibroblasts, which upregulates the anti-apoptotic gene GDF-15 as well as the DNA damage repair system. This upregulation occurs via hypomethylation of GDF-15 orphan CpG island promoters, followed by its active gene transcription of GDF-15 via both WT p53Ser392 and Mutated p53N239Y transcription factors, thereby enhancing pro-survival mechanisms that contribute to melanoma progression.