Abstract
Aim: To elucidate the sequential gene expression profile in AGS cells co-cultured with wild-type Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) as a model of H pylori-infected gastric epithelium, and to further examine the contribution of cag-pathogenicity islands (cagPAI)-coding type IV secretion system and the two pathways, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) on wild-type H pylori-induced gene expression. Methods: Gene expression profiles induced by H pylori were evaluated in AGS gastric epithelial cells using cDNA microarray, which were present in the 4 600 independent clones picked up from the human gastric tissue. We also analyzed the contribution of NF-kappaB and ERK signaling on H pylori-induced gene expression by using inhibitors of specific signal pathways. The isogenic mutant with disrupted cagE (Delta cagE) was used to elucidate the role of cagPAI-encoding type IV secretion system in the gene expression profile. Results: According to the expression profile, the genes were classified into four clusters. Among them, the clusters characterized by continuous upregulation were most conspicuous, and it contained many signal transducer activity-associated genes. The role of cagPAI on cultured cells was also investigated using isogenic mutant cagE, which carries non-functional cagPAI. Then the upregulation of more than 80% of the induced genes (476/566) was found to depend on cagPAI. Signal transducer pathway through NF-kappaB or ERK are the major pathways which are known to be activated by cagPAI-positive H pylori. The role of these pathways in the whole signal activation by cagPAI-positive H pylori was analyzed. The specific inhibitors against NF-kappaB or ERK pathway blocked the activation of gene expression in 65% (367/566) or 76% (429/566) of the genes whose activation appealed to depend on cagPAI. Conclusion: These results suggest that more than half of the genes induced by cagPAI-positive H pylori depend on NF-kappaB and ERK signaling activation, and these pathways may play a role in the gene expression induced by host-bacterial interaction which may associate with H pylori-related gastro-duodenal diseases.