Conclusion
Our results support that LCC-09 inhibits EC inflammatory response but does not elicit significant toxicity.
Objective
Endothelial cell (EC) activation facilitates leukocyte adhesion to vascular walls, which is implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and is a target for prevention and treatment. Despite the development of anti-inflammatory medications, cost-effective therapies with significant anti-inflammatory effects and lower organ toxicity remain elusive. The goal of this study is to identify novel synthetic compounds that inhibit EC inflammatory response with minimal organ toxicity.
Results
In this study, we discovered LCC-09, a salicylanilide derivative consisting of the functional fragment of magnolol, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and paeonol moiety of salicylate, as a novel anti-inflammatory compound in cultured ECs and zebrafish model. LCC-09 was shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines, leading to reduced leukocyte adhesion to ECs. Mechanistically, LCC-09 inhibits the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), TNFα-induced degradation of NF-κ-B Inhibitor-α (IκBα) and phosphorylation of NFκB p65, resulting in reduced NFκB transactivation activity and binding to E-selectin promoter. Additionally, LCC-09 attenuated TNFα-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in ECs. Molecular docking models suggest the binding of LCC-09 to NFκB essential modulator (NEMO) and Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) may lead to dual inhibition of NFκB and STAT1. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of LCC-09 was validated in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation model in zebrafish. Our results demonstrated that LCC-09 significantly reduced the LPS-induced leukocyte recruitment and mortality of zebrafish embryos. Finally, LCC-09 was administered to cultured ECs and zebrafish embryos and showed minimal toxicities.