Abstract
Cardiovascular stent technologies have significantly improved over time. However, their optimal performance remains limited by restenosis, thrombosis, inflammation, and delayed re-endothelialization. Current stent designs primarily target inhibition of neointimal proliferation but do not promote functional arterial healing (pro-healing) in order to restore normal vascular reactivity. The endothelial lining that does develop with current stents appears to have loose intracellular junctions. We have developed a pro-healing nanomatrix coating for stents that enhances healing while limiting neointimal proliferation. This builds on our prior work evaluating the effects of the pro-healing nanomatrix coating on cultures of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), monocytes, and platelets. However, when a stent is deployed in an artery, multiple vascular cell types interact, and their interactions affect stent performance. Thus, in our current study, an in vitro vascular double-layer (VDL) system was used to observe stent effects on communication between different vascular cell types. Additionally, we assessed the pro-healing ability and vascular cell interactions after stent deployment in the VDL system and in a rabbit model, evaluating the nanomatrix-coated stent compared to a commercial bare metal stent (BMS) and a drug eluting stent (DES). In vitro results indicated that, in a layered vascular structure, the pro-healing nanomatrix-coated stent could (1) improve endothelialization and endothelial functions, (2) regulate SMC phenotype to reduce SMC proliferation and migration, (3) suppress inflammation through a multifactorial manner, and (4) reduce foam cell formation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and calcification. Consistent with this, in vivo results demonstrated that, compared with commercial BMS and DES, this pro-healing nanomatrix-coated stent enhanced re-endothelialization with negligible restenosis, inflammation, or thrombosis. Thus, these findings indicate the unique pro-healing features of this nanomatrix stent coating with superior efficacy over commercial BMS and DES.