Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a component of Chinese medicinal herbs, including asarum and aristolochia and has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time. Recent studies found that AA has a cytotoxic effect resulting in nephropathy. These studies indicated that AA‑induced cytotoxicity is associated with increases in oxidative stress and caspase‑3 activation. The present study further demonstrated that AA mainly elevates the H2O2 ratio, leading to increases in oxidative stress. Furthermore, the results indicated that AA induces cell death can via caspase‑dependent and ‑independent pathways. It is desirable to identify means of inhibiting AA‑induced renal damage; therefore, the present study applied an anti‑oxidative nutrient, vitamin C, to test whether it can be employed to reduce AA‑induced cell cytotoxicity. The results showed that vitamin C decreased AA‑induced H2O2 levels, caspase‑3 activity and cytotoxicity in renal tubular cells. In conclusion, the present study was the first to demonstrate that AA‑induced increases of the H2O2 ratio resulted in renal tubular cell death via caspase‑dependent and ‑independent pathways, and that vitamin C can decrease AA‑induced increases in H2O2 levels and caspase‑3 activity to attenuate AA‑induced cell cytotoxicity.