Abstract
Symphyocladia latiuscula (Harvey) Yamada is a red alga with a myriad of bromophenols accompanied by a diverse array of biological activities. The main purpose of the present study was to characterize the anti-Alzheimer's disease activity of bromophenols from S. latiuscula via inhibition of cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). The results of enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (2), and bis-(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (3) as potent inhibitors of aforementioned enzymes. Among the tested bromophenols, 3 showed multifold higher inhibition of all of the tested enzymes. Enzyme kinetics revealed different modes of inhibition, and in silico molecular docking simulation demonstrated the importance of the 7-OH group and bromine number for H-bond and halogen-bond interactions, respectively. Similarly, 1-3 at 20 μM concentration showed more than 50% inhibition of self-induced Aβ25-35 aggregation. These results suggest that bromophenols from S. latiuscula, especially highly brominated (3), may represent a novel class of anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs.