Abstract
The ever-growing range of possible applications of nanoparticles requires their mass production. However, there are problems resulting from the prevalent methods of nanoparticle production; physico-chemical routes of nanoparticle synthesis are not very environmentally friendly nor cost-effective. Due to this, the scientific community started exploring new methods of nanoparticle assembly with the aid of biological agents. In this study, ethanolic Vitis vinifera cane extract combined with silver nitrate was used to produce silver nanoparticles. These were subsequently characterized using UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light-scattering analysis. The antimicrobial activity of produced nanoparticles was tested against the planktonic cells of five strains of Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1, ATCC 10145, ATCC 15442, DBM 3081, and DBM 3777). After that, bactericidal activity was assessed using solid medium cultivation. In the end, nanoparticles' inhibitory effect on adhering cells was analyzed by measuring changes in metabolic activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay-MTT). Our results confirmed that ethanolic Vitis vinifera cane extract is capable of mediating silver nanoparticle production; synthesis was conducted using 10% of extract and 1 mM of silver nitrate. The silver nanoparticles' Z-average was 68.2 d nm, and their zeta potential was -30.4 mV. These silver nanoparticles effectively inhibited planktonic cells of all P. aeruginosa strains in concentrations less than 5% v/v and inhibited biofilm formation in concentrations less than 6% v/v. Moreover, minimum bactericidal concentration was observed to be in the range of 10-16% v/v. According to the results in this study, the use of wine agriculture waste is an ecological and economical method for the production of silver nanoparticles exhibiting significant antimicrobial properties.