Conclusions
Our results detailed the pathological changes in the submandibular gland after ligation and the important functions of the NF-κB pathway.
Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the histopathological and genetic changes in the submandibular glands after duct ligation and provide important clues to functional regeneration. Design: We established a rat salivary gland duct ligation model and observed pathological changes in the rat submandibular gland on day 1 and weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining, Masson staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and immunohistochemical staining. RNA sequencing was performed on normal salivary glands and those from the ligation model after 1 week. Significantly differentially expressed genes were selected, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed.
Results
Apoptosis levels and histological and functional KEGG pathway analyses showed that injury to the salivary gland after ligation gradually increased. The TGF-β pathway was activated and promoted fibrosis. RNA sequencing results and further verification of samples at week 1 showed that the NF-κB pathway plays a vital role in salivary gland atrophy. Conclusions: Our results detailed the pathological changes in the submandibular gland after ligation and the important functions of the NF-κB pathway.