Abstract
Due to epistasis, the same mutation can have drastically different phenotypic consequences in different individuals. This phenomenon is pertinent to precision medicine as well as antimicrobial drug development, but its general characteristics are largely unknown. We approach this question by genome-wide assessment of gene essentiality polymorphism in 16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using transposon insertional mutagenesis. Essentiality polymorphism is observed for 9.8% of genes, most of which have had repeated essentiality switches in evolution. Genes exhibiting essentiality polymorphism lean toward having intermediate numbers of genetic and protein interactions. Gene essentiality changes tend to occur concordantly among components of the same protein complex or metabolic pathway and among a group of over 100 mitochondrial proteins, revealing molecular machines or functional modules as units of gene essentiality variation. Most essential genes tolerate transposon insertions consistently among strains in one or more coding segments, delineating nonessential regions within essential genes.