Abstract
Universal chemotherapy in glioblastoma patients causes chemoresistance and further limits immune cells by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that are difficult to solve by single-drug therapeutic approaches. Here, this work designs hybrid drug-loaded nanoliposomes by co-loading the chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide (TMZ) and nitric oxide (NO) prodrug JS-K with sphingosine-1-phosphate molecules (S1P) on the surface. The S1P-S1P receptors axis endows nanoliposomes with rapid targeting and lysosomal escaping capability. Then, fine-tuned TMZ release and NO gas production following JS-K release in glioma microenvironment decrease chemoresistance and increase tumor immunogenicity through inhibiting the cellular autophagy as well as inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrates that the NO gas generation reprograms glioma microenvironment immune and inflammation-related pathways. The positive immune response in turn effectively activates the enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy. NO gas generated nanoliposomes thus have attractive paradigm-shifting applications in the treatment of "cold" tumors across a range of immunosuppressive indications.