Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-L1 (e.g., atezolizumab) disrupt PD-L1:PD-1 signaling and reactivate exhausted cytotoxic T-cells in the tumor compartment. Although anti-PD-L1 antibodies are successful as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapeutics, there is still a pressing need to develop high-affinity, low-molecular-weight ligands for molecular imaging and diagnostic applications. Affibodies are small polypeptides (∼60 amino acids) that provide a stable molecular scaffold from which to evolve high-affinity ligands. Despite its proven utility in the development of imaging probes, this scaffold has never been optimized for use in mRNA display, a powerful in vitro selection platform incorporating high library diversity, unnatural amino acids, and chemical modification. In this manuscript, we describe the selection of a PD-L1-binding affibody by mRNA display. Following randomization of the 13 amino acids that define the binding interface of the well-described Her2 affibody, the resulting library was selected against recombinant human PD-L1 (hPD-L1). After four rounds, the enriched library was split and selected against either hPD-L1 or the mouse ortholog (mPD-L1). The dual target selection resulted in the identification of a human/mouse cross-reactive PD-L1 affibody (M1) with low nanomolar affinity for both targets. The M1 affibody bound with similar affinity to mPD-L1 and hPD-L1 expressed on the cell surface and inhibited signaling through the PD-L1:PD-1 axis at low micromolar concentrations in a cell-based functional assay. In vivo optical imaging with M1-Cy5 in an immune-competent mouse model of lymphoma revealed significant tumor uptake relative to a Cy5-conjugated Her2 affibody.