Abstract
In this study, we examined the sub-acute toxicity of quercetin and ferulic acid and evaluated their effects on protein, cholesterol, and estrogen levels in vivo. Six groups of female Wistar rats were fed by gavage. The first and second groups represent the positive (Clomiphene citrate 10 mg/kg) and negative (NaCl 0.9%) control groups, while the other groups received quercetin and ferulic acid at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day for 28 days. The sub-acute toxicity was monitored by examining the weights, biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and CREA), and histological changes in the kidneys and liver of the treated animals. Furthermore, the in vivo estrogenic effects were studied in terms of the serum and ovarian cholesterol levels, serum estradiol, and uterine proteins. Finally, Docking studies were conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of quercetin and ferulic acid for alpha and beta estrogen receptors. Results showed that both compounds were devoid of any signs of nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity. Additionally, quercetin and ferulic acid caused significant estrogenic effects evidenced by an increase of 8.7 to 22.48% in serum estradiol, though to a lesser amount than in the reference drug-treated group (64.21%). Moreover, the two compounds decreased the serum cholesterol levels (12.26-32.75%) as well as the ovarian cholesterol level (11.9% to 41.50%) compared to the negative control. The molecular docking in estrogen alpha and estrogen beta active sites showed high affinity of quercetin (-10.444 kcal/mol for estrogen alpha and -10.662 kcal/mol for estrogen beta) and ferulic acid (-6.377 kcal/mol for estrogen alpha and -6.3 kcal/mol for estrogen beta) to these receptors. This study provides promising insights into the potential use of quercetin as a therapeutic agent for the management of female fertility issues.