Abstract
Formulations containing nanosized drug particles such as nanocrystals and nanosized amorphous drug aggregates recently came into light as promising strategies to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. However, the increased solubility due to the reduction in particle size cannot adequately explain the enhanced bioavailability. In this study, the mechanisms and extent of enhanced passive permeation by drug particles were investigated using atazanavir, lopinavir, and clotrimazole as model drugs. Franz diffusion cells with lipid-infused membranes were utilized to evaluate transmembrane flux. The impact of stirring rate, receiver buffer condition, and particle size was investigated, and mass transport analyses were conducted to calculate transmembrane flux. Flux enhancement by particles was found to be dependent on particle size as well as the partitioning behavior of the drug between the receiver solution and the membrane, which is determined by both the drug and buffer used. A flux plateau was observed at high particle concentrations above amorphous solubility, confirming that mass transfer of amorphous drug particles from the aqueous solution to the membrane occurs only through the molecularly dissolved drug. Mass transport models were used to calculate flux enhancement by particles for various drugs at different conditions. Good agreements were obtained between experimental and predicted values. These results should contribute to improved bioavailability prediction of nanosized drug particles and better design of formulations containing colloidal drug particles.