Abstract
Environmental copper (Cu) contamination is a complex worldwide public health problem. However, information on the effects of Cu pollution on human reproduction is limited. Although our previous studies have indicated that Cu exposure disrupts ovarian folliculogenesis, the underlying mechanism needs to be further explored. In this study, human luteinized ovarian granulosa cells and a rat animal model were used to investigate whether Cu exposure affects ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis and to elucidate the possible mechanisms. The results showed that Cu exposure from weaning to sexual maturity significantly decreased the proportion of preantral follicles but increased the proportion of atretic follicles (P < 0.05). In addition, 6 mg/kg Cu increased the proportion of antral follicles, while 12 and 25 mg/kg Cu decreased it (P < 0.05). We also found that 6 mg/kg Cu exposure inhibited apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells, while 12 and 25 mg/kg Cu promoted apoptosis (P < 0.05). Experiments on primary human luteinized ovarian granulosa cells suggested that higher levels of Cu exposure induced a significant increase in the mRNA levels of Bcl2 Bax , Fas, Caspase8, and Caspase3 (P < 0.05), and the protein levels of BAX, BCL2, CASPASE3, CASPASE8, CLE-CASPASE3, CLE-CASPASE8 and BAX/BCL2 were also increased (P < 0.05). miRNA chip analyses identified a total of 95 upregulated and 10 downregulated miRNAs in human luteinized granulosa cells exposed to Cu. Hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-19a-3p, miR-548ar-3p, hsa-miR-652-5p, and hsa-miR-29b-5p were decreased after Cu exposure (P < 0.05). Additionally, the level of hsa-miR-144-5p was increased (P < 0.05). Together, our results reveal that Cu exposure induces abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis by inducing ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, which is triggered by the caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway, and that miRNAs may be involved in this process.