Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C-induced down-regulation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 is important in lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that VEGF-C, -D, and -C156S, but not VEGF-A, down-regulate VEGFR-3. VEGF-C stimulates VEGFR-3 tyrosyl phosphorylation and transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases in lymphatic endothelial cells. VEGF-C-induced down-regulation of VEGFR-3 was blocked by a VEGF-C trap, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and leupeptin, pepstatin, and E64 (LPE), but was unaffected by Notch 1 activator and γ-secretase inhibitors. Our findings indicate that VEGF-C down-regulates VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelial cells through VEGFR-3 kinase activation and, in part, via lysosomal degradation.