Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and its close analogue 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are classified as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The currently used biomarker to monitor NNN exposure is urinary total NNN (free NNN plus its N-glucuronide). However, total NNN does not provide information about the extent of metabolic activation of NNN as related to its carcinogenicity. Targeted analysis of the major metabolites of NNN in laboratory animals recently led to the identification of N'-nitrosonornicotine-1N-oxide (NNN-N-oxide), a unique metabolite detected in human urine that is specifically formed from NNN. To further investigate NNN urinary metabolites that hold promise as new biomarkers for monitoring NNN exposure, uptake, and/or metabolic activation, we conducted a comprehensive profiling of NNN metabolites in the urine of F344 rats treated with NNN or [pyridine-d4]NNN. Using our optimized high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based isotope-labeling method, 46 putative metabolites were identified with robust MS evidence. Out of the 46 candidates, all known major NNN metabolites were identified and structurally confirmed by comparing them to their isotopically labeled standards. More importantly, putative metabolites considered to be exclusively formed from NNN were also identified. The two new representative metabolites─4-(methylthio)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)butanoic acid (23, MPBA) and N-acetyl-S-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-l-cysteine (24, Py-Pyrrole-Cys-NHAc) ─were identified by comparing them to synthetic standards that were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and HRMS. They are hypothesized to be formed by NNN α-hydroxylation pathways and thus represent the first potential biomarkers to specifically monitor the uptake plus metabolic activation of NNN in tobacco users.