Abstract
Little direct information is available regarding the influence of membrane environment on transmembrane (TM) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) conformation and dynamics. The human CB1 cannabinoid receptor (hCB1) is a prominent GPCR pharmacotherapeutic target in which helix 7 appears critical to ligand recognition. We have chemically synthesized a hCB1 peptide corresponding to a segment of TM helix 7 and the entire contiguous helix 8 domain (fourth cytoplasmic loop) and reconstituted it in defined phospholipid-bilayer model membranes. Using an NMR-based strategy combined with molecular dynamics simulations, we provide the first direct experimental description of the orientation of hCB1 helix 7 in phospholipid membranes of varying thickness and the mechanism by which helix-7 conformation adjusts to avoid hydrophobic mismatch. Solid-state (15)N NMR data show that hCB1 helices 7 and 8 reconstituted into phospholipid bilayers are oriented in a TM and in-plane (i.e., parallel to the phospholipid membrane surface) fashion, respectively. TM helix orientation is influenced by the thickness of the hydrophobic membrane bilayer as well as the interaction of helix 8 with phospholipid polar headgroups. Molecular dynamics simulations show that a decrease in phospholipid chain-length induces a kink at P394 in TM helix 7 to avoid hydrophobic mismatch. Thus, the NP(X)nY motif found in hCB1 and highly conserved throughout the GPCR superfamily is important for flexing helix 7 to accommodate bilayer thickness. Dynamic modulation of hCB1-receptor TM helix conformation by its membrane environment may have general relevance to GPCR structure and function.