Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2+ T cell-targeted immunotherapy is of interest to harness its MHC-independent cytotoxic potential against a variety of cancers. Recent studies have identified heterodimeric butyrophilin (BTN) 2A1 and BTN3A1 as the molecular entity providing "signal 1" to the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR, but "signal 2" costimulatory requirements remain unclear. Using a tumor cell-free assay, we demonstrated that a BTN2A1/3A1 heterodimeric fusion protein activated human Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells, but only in the presence of costimulatory signal via CD28 or NK group 2 member D. Nonetheless, addition of a bispecific γδ T cell engager BTN2A1/3A1-Fc-CD19scFv alone enhanced granzyme B-mediated killing of human CD19+ lymphoma cells when cocultured with Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells, suggesting expression of costimulatory ligand(s) on tumor cells is sufficient to satisfy the "signal 2" requirement. These results highlight the parallels of signal 1 and signal 2 requirements in αβ and γδ T cell activation and demonstrate the utility of heterodimeric BTNs to promote targeted activation of γδ T cells.