Abstract
The use of long-read direct RNA sequencing (DRS) and PCR cDNA sequencing (PCS) in clinical oncology remains limited, with no direct comparison between the two methods. We used DRS and PCS to study clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), focusing on new transcript and gene discovery. Twelve primary ccRCC archival tumors, six from patients who went on to relapse, were analyzed. Results were validated in an independent cohort of 20 patients by qRT-PCR and compared to DRS analysis of RCC4 cells. In archival clinical samples and due to the long-term storage, the average read length was lower (400-500 nt) than that achieved through DRS of RCC4 cells (>1100 nt). Still, deconvolution analysis showed a loss of immune infiltrate in primary tumors of patients who relapse as reported by others. Differentially expressed genes in patients who went on to relapse were determined with good overlap between DRS and PCS, identifying LINC04216 and the T-cell exhaustion marker TOX as novel candidate recurrence-associated genes. Novel transcript analysis revealed over 10,000 candidate novel transcripts detected by both methods and in ccRCC cells in vitro, including a novel CD274 (PD-L1) transcript encoding for the soluble version of the protein with a longer 3' UTR and lower stability than the annotated transcript. Both methods identified 414 novel genes, also detected in RCC4 cells, including a novel noncoding gene overexpressed in patients who relapse. Overall, we showcase the use of PCS and DRS in archival tumor samples to uncover unmapped features of cancer transcriptomes, linked to disease progression and immune evasion.